Jamu

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++

2009-05-14T19:15:00.000-07:00

AGRIMONY (Agrimonia eupatoria L.) ++

Activities (Agrimony) — Aggregant (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Antibacterial (1; FNF); Antidiabetic
(1; APA); Antiinflammatory (1; BIS); Antipyretic (1; CRC); Antiseptic (1; APA); Astringent
(2; APA; KOM); Antiviral (1; APA; PNC); Candidicide (1; APA); Cholagogue (1; PNC);
Depurative (f; CRC); Diuretic (1; PNC); Emmenagogue (f; CRC); Fungicide (1; APA); Hemo-
stat (1; PH2); Hypoglycemic (1; APA); Litholytic (f; CRC); Sedative (f; CRC); Stomachic (f;
WBB); Tonic (1; APA; CRC; PNC); Uricolytic (1; CAN); Vermifuge (1; CRC; WBB; ZUL);
Vulnerary (f; CRC).

Indications (Agrimony) — Acne (f; CRC); Anthrax (f; WBB; ZUL); Asthma (f; CRC); Bacteria
(1; FNF; ZUL); Bile (f; ZUL); Bleeding (1; CRC; PH2; ZUL); Bronchosis (f; CRC); Cancer (f;
JLH); Cancer, bladder (f; JLH); Cancer, breast (f; JLH); Cancer, face (f; JLH); Cancer, ganglion
(f; JLH); Cancer, groin (f; JLH); Cancer, joint (f; JLH); Cancer, kidney (f; JLH); Cancer, liver
(f; JLH); Cancer, sinew (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, stomach (f; JLH); Cancer,
uterus (f; JLH); Candida (1; APA); Carcinoma (f; JLH); Cholecystosis (f; APA); Cholelithiasis
(f; ZUL); Cholestasis (f; PH2); Cold (f; CRC; WBB); Condyloma (f; CRC; JLH); Congestion
(f; APA); Corn (f; CRC; JLH); Cystosis (f; JLH); Decubitis (f; CRC); Dermatosis (2; APA; CAN;
KOM); Diabetes (1; APA); Diarrhea (2; APA; FAD; KOM); Dysentery (1; FNF); Dyspepsia (1;
CAN; KOM); Eczema (f; PH2); Enterosis (f; CRC; PH2); Enuresis (f; PH2); Eruption (f; CRC);
Fever (1; CRC; FAD); Fungus (1; APA); Gastrosis (f; CAN; KOM); Gastroduodenosis (f; CAN);
Gastroenterosis (1; APA; BIS); Gout (f; CRC; FAD); Hemorrhoid (f; CRC; APA); Hematuria (1;
CRC); Hepatosis (f; APA; FAD; JLH; WO3); Hyperglycemia (1; APA); Icterus (f; ZUL); Infection
(1; APA); Inflammation (1; BIS); Insomnia (f; CRC); Jaundice (f; CRC); Kernel (f; JLH); Kidney
Stone (f; APA); Metrorrhagia (1; CRC); Mucososis (1; APA; PHR; PH2); Mycosis (1; APA);
Nephrosis (f; JLH; PH2); Nervousness (f; CRC); Neuralgia (f; CRC); Neurosis (f; CRC);
Porphyria (f; CAN); Pharyngosis (2; FAD; KOM; PHR; PH2); Psoriasis (f; PH2); Rash (1; APA);
Rheumatism (f; CRC); Scirrhus (f; JLH); Sclerosis (f; CRC); Scrotum (f; CRC); Seborrhea (f;
PH2); Sinew (f; CRC); Snakebite (f; CRC); Sore (1; APA; JLH); Sore Throat (1; APA; CRC);

Splenosis (f; CRC; JLH); Stomatosis (2; KOM; PHR); Stone (f; CRC); Tuberculosis (f; CRC;
ZUL); Tumor (f; CRC); Ulcer (1; APA); Uterosis (f; JLH); Varicosis (1; APA); Virus (1; APA; A
PNC); Wart (f; CRC; JLH); Water Retention (1; PNC); Worm (1; CRC; FAD; PH2; WBB; ZUL);
Wound (1; APA; JLH; PH2); Yeast (1; APA).

Dosages (Agrimony) — 3 g herb (KOM; PHR); 3–6 g herb (APA); 1–1.5 g (BIS); 2–4 g 3 ×/day
(CAN); 1 tsp herb/cup water (RFW); 1–3 ml extract (1:1 in 25% ethanol) 3 ×/day (CAN); 2–4 ml
liquid herb extract (PNC); 1–4 ml tincture (1:5) in 45% alcohol 3 ×/day (CAN).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Agrimony) — Class 1 (AHP). None
known (Kom; PHR). “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages”
(PH2). Excessive doses may interact with anticoagulant, hypotensive, and hypertensive thera-
pies. As with other tannin-rich herbs, “excessive use” should be avoided. In view of the lack
of toxicity data, use of agrimony should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation. Reportedly
affects the menstrual cycle (CAN).

Extracts (Agrimony) — Uricolytic activity demonstrated for 15% infusions ED = 20 ml/kg orl
rat (equivalent to 3 g dry drug); hypotensive (ivn cat); bactericidal against Staphylococcus and
Streptococcus. The tannin constituent agrimoniin (from A. pilosa) has antitumor activity, perhaps
via immunostimulant activity (CAN). Aqueous extracts inhibited Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in
vitro, and ethanolic extracts show antiviral activity (PNC). Twenty cutaneous porphyria patients
successfully treated with agrimony infusions. Chinese research indicates agrimony increases blood
coagulability ~50% (CAN).

AGAR (Gelidium amansii) ++

2009-01-14T19:14:00.000-08:00

AGAR (Gelidium amansii) ++

Activities (Agar) — Laxative (1; PH2); Peristaltic (1; PH2).

Indications (Agar) — Constipation (1; PH2).

Dosages (Agar) — 4–16 g 1–2 ×/day (AHP); 4–16 g in 1–4 doses (HHB); 1–2 tsp powdered agar,
always with liquid, 1–3 ×/day (PH2).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Agar) — Class 2d. Take with at least 250
ml (8 oz liquid); contraindicated in bowel obstruction (AHP). “Hazards and/or side effects not
known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).

African Herbs - AFRICAN SPURGE, AFRICAN WILD YAM, AFRICAN WORMWOOD

2009-01-14T19:11:00.000-08:00

AFRICAN SPURGE (Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg & C. F. Schmidt) X
A
Activities (African Spurge) — Abortifacient (f; PH2); Carcinogenic (1; PH2); Emetic (1; PH2);
Immunostimulant (1; PH2); Irritant (1; PH2); Laxative (1; EFS; PH2); Rubefacient (f; EFS);
Sialagogue (f; PH2); Toxic (f; EFS); Vesicant (f; EFS).

Indications (African Spurge) — Bronchosis (f; HHB); Cancer (f; JLH; PH2); Catarrh (f;
HHB); Conjunctivosis (f; HHB; PH2); Constipation (f; PH2); Dermatosis (f; PH2); Diarrhea
(f; HHB); Dropsy (f; PH2); Dysmenorrhea (f; PH2); Epistaxis (f; HHB); Gout (f; PH2);
Headache (f; PH2); Immunodepression (1; PH2); Infection (f; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2);
Otosis (f; PH2); Plantar Wart (f; JLH); Respirosis (f; PH2); Sore (f; PH2); Ulcer (f; PH2);
Wart (f; PH2).

Dosages (African Spurge) — Don’t take it (JAD).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Spurge) — Not covered (AHP).
Topically very irritating. Ingestion can cause death, burning gastrosis, colic, diarrhea, nephrosis,
salivation (PH2).

AFRICAN WILD YAM
(Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T. Durand & Schinz) +

Activities (African Wild Yam) — Avicide (f; ZUL); Hemolytic (1; ZUL); Intoxicant (f; ZUL);
Narcotic (f; ZUL); Soporific (f; ZUL).

Indications (African Wild Yam) — Childbirth (f; ZUL); Convulsion (f; VVG); Cramp (f; ZUL);
Epilepsy (f; VVG); Fit (f; VVG; ZUL); Hysteria (f; ZUL); Insanity (f; ZUL); Nervousness (f; ZUL);
Scabies (f; VVG); Sore (f; ZUL); Wound (f; ZUL).

AFRICAN WORMWOOD (Artemisia afra Jacq.) +

Activities (African Wormwood) — Analgesic (1; VVG; ZUL); Analeptic (1; VVG); Antibacterial
(1; VVG); Antihistaminic (1; ZUL); Antiinflammatory (1; VVG); Antiitch (1; VVG); Antiseptic (1;
VVG); Carminative (1; VVG); Decongestant (f; VVG); Depurative (f; ZUL); Emetic (f; VVG);
Narcotic (1; VVG; ZUL); Stimulant (1; VVG).

Indications (African Wormwood) — Acne (1; ZUL); Anorexia (f; VVG; ZUL); Bacteria (1;
VVG); Boil (1; ZUL); Cardiopathy (1; VVG); Childbirth (f; ZUL); Chill (f; ZUL); Cold (1; VVG;
ZUL); Colic (f; ZUL); Constipation (1; ZUL); Croup (f; ZUL); Diabetes (f; ZUL); Dyspepsia (f;
ZUL); Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fever (1; VVG; ZUL); Flu (f; VVG); Gas (1; VVG); Gastrosis (f; ZUL);
Gout (f; ZUL); Headache (f; VVG); Hemorrhoid (f; ZUL); Inflammation (1; VVG); Itch (1; VVG);
Malaria (1; VVG; ZUL); Measles (f; ZUL); Mumps (f; ZUL); Otosis (f; VVG; ZUL); Pain (1;
VVG; ZUL); Pertussis (f; ZUL); Pneumonia (1; VVG; ZUL); Sore Throat (f; ZUL); Sprain (f;
ZUL); Toothache (f; ZUL); Worm (1; VVG; ZUL).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Wormwood) — One tbsp EO (essen-
tial oil) severely poisoned a worker, similar to thujone poisoning (ZUL).

AFRICAN QUININE, QUININE TREE (Rauvolfia caffra Sond.) +

2009-01-10T19:08:00.000-08:00

AFRICAN QUININE, QUININE TREE (Rauvolfia caffra Sond.) +

Activities (African Quinine) — Antipyretic (f; ZUL); Depurative (f; ZUL); Diuretic (f; ZUL);
Emetic (f; ZUL); Larvicide (f; ZUL); Laxative (f; ZUL); Tranquilizer (f; ZUL).

Indications (African Quinine) — Enterosis (f; ZUL); Fever (f; ZUL); Itch (f; ZUL); Maggot (f;
ZUL); Malaria (f; ZUL); Measles (f; ZUL); Nervousness (f; ZUL); Pneumonia (f; ZUL); Rheu-
matism (f; ZUL); Scrofula (f; ZUL); Swelling (f; ZUL); Water Retention (f; ZUL); Wound (f; ZUL).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Quinine) — Poisonous (ZUL).

AFRICAN CAPER (Capparis tomentosa Lam.) +

2009-01-04T19:06:00.001-08:00

AFRICAN CAPER (Capparis tomentosa Lam.) +

Activities (African Caper) — Antispasmodic (1; VVG); Decongestant (f; ZUL); Depurative
(f; ZUL); Diuretic (f; ZUL); Emetic (f; ZUL); Expectorant (f; ZUL); Philtre (f; ZUL); Tonic
(f; ZUL).

Indications (African Caper) — Chest Ache (f; VVG; ZUL); Cough (f; VVG; ZUL); Cramp (1;
VVG); Diarrhea (f; ZUL); Fever (f; ZUL); Gastrosis (f; ZUL); Gonorrhea (f; ZUL); Headache
(f; VVG; ZUL); Impotence (f; ZUL); Infertility (f; ZUL); Insanity (f; VVG; ZUL); Jaundice (f;
VVG; ZUL); Leprosy (f; ZUL); Malaria (f; VVG; ZUL); Mastosis (f; ZUL); Miscarriage (f;
ZUL); Ophthalmia (f; ZUL); Pleurisy (f; ZUL); Pneumonia (f; VVG); Rheumatism (f; VVG);
Scrofula (f; ZUL); Snakebite (f; VVG; ZUL); Swelling (f; ZUL); Water Retention (f; ZUL);
Wound (f; ZUL).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (African Caper) — In view of reported
poisonings, indiscriminate use is discouraged (VVG); human fatalities reported following root
ingestion. Contains stachydrine (ZUL).

ADAM’S NEEDLES, SPANISH BAYONET ( Yucca filamentosa L.) ++

2009-01-04T19:06:00.000-08:00

ADAM’S NEEDLES, SPANISH BAYONET ( Yucca filamentosa L.) ++
A
Few taxonomists and herbalists and even fewer pharmacists and physicians can distinguish the
Yucca species in the field. How then can they distinguish them ground and powdered in the capsule?
APA covers also Yucca brevifolia, Y. glauca, and Y. schidigera.

Activities (Adam’s Needles) — Antiarthritic (1; APA); Antiherpetic (1; APA); Antiinflammatory
(f; WOI); Antimelanomic (1; APA); Antitumor (1; APA); Antiviral (1; APA); Hemolytic (1; APA);
Piscicide (2; DEM; FAD); Sedative (f; DEM).

Indications (Adam’s Needles) — Adenopathy (f; WOI); Arthrosis (1; APA); Biliousness (f; WOI);
Bleeding (f; APA); Cholecystosis (f; PHR; PH2); Cytomegalovirus (1; APA); Depression (f; WOI);
Dermatosis (f; APA; DEM; FAD); Diabetes (f; DEM); Gonorrhea (f; WOI); Headache (1; APA;
WOI); Hepatosis (f; PHR; PH2); Herpes (1; APA); High Blood Pressure (1; APA); High Cholesterol
(1; APA); Inflammation (f; APA; WOI); Insomnia (f; DEM); Melanoma (1; APA); Migraine (f;
APA); Nervousness (f; DEM); Pain (1; APA); Rheumatism (1; APA; WOI); Sore (f; APA; DEM;
FAD); Sprain (f; DEM; FAD); Stomatosis (f; WOI); Swelling (1; APA); Tumor (1; APA); VD (f;
WOI); Virus (1; APA).

Dosages (Adam’s Needles) — 3 (490 mg) capsules 3 ×/day (APA).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Adam’s Needles) — AHP classifies four other
Yuccas as Class 1. “Hazards and/or side effects not known for proper therapeutic dosages” (PH2).
(but PH2 designates no specific quantified dosage! JAD). Root compounds toxic to lower life forms
(FAD). Saponins can cause gastric discomfort (PHR).

ACACIA, BABUL (Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) ++

2009-01-02T19:04:00.000-08:00

ACACIA, BABUL (Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Delile) ++

Synonym — Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd.

Activities (Acacia) — Alexeteric (f; KAB); Algicide (1; ZUL); Amebicide (1; ZUL); Antibacterial
(1; ZUL); Antiedemic (1; ABS); Antihistaminic (1; ZUL); Antiinflammatory (f; ABS); Antitussive
(f; BIB); Aphrodisiac (f; MPI; ZUL); Astringent (f; GMH; PH2); Decongestant (f; BIB); Demulcent
(f; BIB; DEP); Expectorant (f; KAB; MPI); Hemostat (f; DEP); Hepatotonic (f; KAB); Hypogly-
cemic (1; ZUL); Hypotensive (1; ZUL); Lactagogue (f; BIB; UPW); Molluscicide (1; ZUL);
Neurostimulant (f; BIB); Protisticide (1; ZUL); Stimulant (f; BIB); Taenicide (1; ZUL); Teratologic
(f; ZUL); Tonic (f; DEP); Vermifuge (1; KAB; ZUL).

Indications (Acacia) — Ameba (1; ZUL); Ascites (f; KAB); Bacteria (1; ZUL); Biliousness (f; KAB);
Bleeding (f; BIB; DEP); Bronchosis (f; KAB); Burn (f; SKJ); Cancer (f; BIB); Cancer, ear (f; JLH);
Cancer, eye (f; JLH); Cancer, liver (f; JLH); Cancer, spleen (f; JLH); Cancer, testes (f; JLH); Catarrh
(f; HH2); Childbirth (f; DEP); Chill (f; ZUL); Cholecystosis (f; BIB); Cholera (f; SKJ); Colic (f; KAB);
Condyloma (f; BIB); Congestion (f; BIB); Conjunctivosis (f; DEP); Cough (f; DEP; KAB); Cystosis
(f; DEP); Diabetes (1; DEP; ZUL); Diarrhea (f; GMH; PH2); Dysentery (f; BIB; DEP); Dyspepsia (f;
ZUL); Dysuria (f; KAB); Enterosis (f; DEP); Fever (f; BIB; UPW); Flu (1; ABS); Fracture (f; KAB);
Gastrosis (f; DEP); Gingivosis (f; DEP; PH2); Gonorrhea (1; DEP; ZUL); Hemorrhoid (f; BIB; KAB;
PH2); Hepatosis (f; BIB); High Blood Pressure (1; ZUL); Hyperglycemia (1; ZUL); Hypersalivation
(f; DEP); Induration (f; BIB; JLH); Infection (1; ZUL); Inflammation (1; ABS; PH2); Insanity (f;
KAB); Leprosy (f; KAB); Leukoderma (f; KAB); Leukorrhea (f; DEP); Menorrhagia (f; DEP); Muco-
sosis (f; PH2); Odontosis (f; PNC); Ophthalmia (f; BIB; JLH); Orchosis (f; BIB); Otosis (f; BIB; JLH);
Pharyngosis (f; PH2); Pneumonia (f; ZUL); Proctosis (f; DEP; UPW); Puerperium (f; DEP); Pulmono-
sis (f; ZUL); Sclerosis (f; BIB); Smallpox (f; BIB); Snakebite (f; DEP); Sore (f; DEP; UPW); Sore
Throat (f; DEP); Splenosis (f; JLH); Staphylococcus (f; ZUL); Stomachache (f; UPW); Stomatosis (f;
DEP; PH2; UPW); Strangury (f; KAB); Swelling (1; ABS); Syphilis (f; BIB); Tapeworm (1; ZUL);
Toothache (f; ZUL); Tuberculosis (f; BIB); Typhoid (f; BIB); Urethrosis (f; KAB); Uterosis (f; DEP;
KAB); Vaginosis (f; KAB; PH2); VD (f; DEP); Worm (1; KAB; ZUL); Wound (f; UPW).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Acacia) — None covered (AHP; KOM). Large
internal doses may lead to constipation and dyspepsia (PH2).

ABSCESS ROOT (Polemonium reptans L.) +

2009-01-01T19:02:00.000-08:00

ABSCESS ROOT (Polemonium reptans L.) +

Activities (Abscess Root) — Alterative (f; EFS); Antipyretic (f; EFS); Astringent (1; PH2);
Diaphoretic (1; EFS; PH2); Expectorant (1; EFS; PH2).

Indications (Abscess Root) — Fever (f; EFS; PH2); Inflammation (f; PH2).

Dosages (Abscess Root) — No real dosage given (PH2).

Contraindications, Interactions, and Side Effects (Abscess Root) — Not covered (AHP; KOM).

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba L.)

2008-09-19T19:14:00.000-07:00

Background

Ginkgo biloba has been used medicinally for thousands of years. Today, it is one of the top selling herbs in the United States.

Ginkgo is used for the treatment of numerous conditions, many of which are under scientific investigation. Available evidence demonstrates ginkgo's efficacy in the management of intermittent claudication, Alzheimer's/multi-infarct dementia, and "cerebral insufficiency" (a syndrome thought to be secondary to atherosclerotic disease, characterized by impaired concentration, confusion, decreased physical performance, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, and anxiety).

Although not definitive, there is promising early evidence favoring the use of ginkgo for memory enhancement in healthy subjects, altitude (mountain) sickness, symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and reduction of chemotherapy-induced end-organ vascular damage.

Although still controversial, a recent large trial has shifted the evidence against the use of ginkgo for tinnitus.

The herb is generally well tolerated, but due to multiple case reports of bleeding, should be used cautiously in patients on anticoagulant therapy, with known coagulopathy, or prior to some surgical or dental procedures.

Synonyms

Adiantifolia, AKL1, arbre aux quarante écus, ArginMax®, bai guo ye, baiguo, BioGinkgo®, Blackmores Ginkgo Brahmi ( Bacopa monniera ), BN-52063, duck foot tree, EGb, EGb 761, Elefantenohr, Eun-haeng, facherblattbaum, Fossil tree, GBE, GBE 24, GBX, gin-nan, ginan, Gincosan®, Ginexin Remind®, Gingopret®, Ginkai®, ginkgo balm, Ginkgo biloba blätter, Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides (GBEP), Ginkgo folium, Ginkgo Go®, Ginkgo Phytosome®, Ginkgo Powder®, Ginkgoaceae (family), ginkgoblätter, ginkgogink, ginkgold, Ginkgold®, ginkgopower, Ginkopur®, ginkyo, Herbal vX®, icho, ityo, Japanbaum, Japanese silver apricot, kew tree, kung sun shu, LI 1370, maidenhair tree, noyer du Japon, oriental plum tree, pei kuo, pei-wen, Pterophyllus, Pterophyllus salisburiensis , Rokan, Rö Kan®, salisburia, Salisburia adiantifolia , Salisburia macrophylla , Seredin, silver apricot, sophium, tanakan, tanakene, tebofortan, tebonin, tempeltrae, temple balm, tramisal, valverde, vasan, vital, ya chio, yin-guo, yin-hsing.

Evidence

These uses have been tested in humans or animals. Safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Uses based on scientific evidence	Grade^*
Claudication (painful legs from clogged arteries) Numerous studies suggest that Ginkgo biloba taken by mouth causes small improvements in claudication symptoms (leg pain with exercise or at rest due to clogged arteries). However, ginkgo may not be as helpful for this condition as exercise therapy or prescription drugs. Additional evidence is needed.	A
Dementia (multi-infarct and Alzheimer's type) The scientific literature overall does suggest that ginkgo benefits people with early stage Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia, and may be as helpful as acetylcholinesterase inhibitor drugs such as donepezil (Aricept®). Well-designed research comparing ginkgo to prescription drug therapies is needed.	A
Cerebral insufficiency Multiple clinical trials have evaluated ginkgo for a syndrome called "cerebral insufficiency." This condition, more commonly diagnosed in Europe than the United States, may include poor concentration, confusion, absent-mindedness, decreased physical performance, fatigue, headache, dizziness, depression, and anxiety. It is believed that cerebral insufficiency is caused by decreased blood flow to the brain due to clogged blood vessels. Some research reports benefits of ginkgo in patients with these symptoms, but most have been poorly designed without reliable results. Better studies are needed before a strong recommendation can be made.	B
Acute hemorrhoidal attacks In early study ginkgo was shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with acute hemorrhoidal attacks. Further research is needed to confirm these results.	C
Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) Age-associated memory impairment (AAMI) is a non-specific syndrome, which may be caused by early Alzheimer's disease or multi-infarct dementia (conditions for which ginkgo has been shown to have benefit). There is preliminary research showing small improvements in memory and other brain functions in patients with AAMI, although some studies disagree. Overall, there is currently not enough clear evidence to recommend for or against ginkgo for this condition.	C
Altitude (mountain) sickness A small amount of poorly designed research reports benefits of ginkgo for the treatment of altitude (mountain) sickness. Additional study is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Cardiovascular disease Animal and limited human data suggest a role in heart blood flow. More research is needed in this area.	C
Chemotherapy side effects reduction In limited human study, ginkgo has been examined in addition to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in the treatment of pancreatic and colorectal cancer, to measure possible benefits on side effects. At this time, there is a lack of conclusive evidence in this area.	C
Cognition It remains unclear if ginkgo is effective for cognition improvement. Further well-designed research is needed as existing study reports conflicting evidence.	C
Deafness (cochlear) Preliminary clinical study has been conducted on the effect of ginkgo in chronic cochleovestibular disorders. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Depression and seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Preliminary study of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) suggests that ginkgo is not effective in preventing the development of winter depression. Other research in elderly patients with depression shows possible minor benefits. Overall, there is not enough evidence to form a clear conclusion.	C
Gastric cancer Ginkgo biloba exocarp polysaccharides (GBEP) capsule preparation has been studied for upper digestive tract malignant tumors of middle and late stage with positive results. However, further research is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Glaucoma It is not clear if ginkgo may improve intraocular pressure and blood flow in patients with glaucoma. Some study results conflict or have not been significant. Further research is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Graves' disease Ginkgo may decrease damage to cells caused by radioiodine therapy in patients with Graves' disease. Further study is needed.	C
Macular degeneration Preliminary research suggests that ginkgo may improve eye blood flow, although it remains unclear if macular degeneration is significantly affected by ginkgo. More research is needed in this area before a conclusion can be drawn.	C
Memory enhancement (in healthy people) It remains unclear if ginkgo is effective. Further well-designed research is needed as existing study results conflict.	C
Multiple sclerosis Based on laboratory study, it has been suggested that ginkgo may provide benefit in multiple sclerosis (MS). Human research is limited to several small studies, which have not found consistent benefit. Additional research is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Initial study in women with premenstrual syndrome or breast discomfort suggests that ginkgo may relieve symptoms including emotional upset. Further well-designed research is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis Based on early study, ginkgo may be effective in treating pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Further research is needed to confirm these results.	C
Quality of life Early studies suggest that ginkgo may aid in quality of life. More randomized controlled trials are needed before a conclusion can be made.	C
Raynaud's disease Results from one clinical trial suggest that Ginkgo biloba may be effective in reducing the number of Raynaud's attacks in patients suffering from Raynaud's disease. In order to confirm these results, further clinical trials are required.	C
Retinopathy (diabetes mellitus type 2) Early study suggests Ginkgo biloba extract may offer benefit to individuals with retinopathy. Further clinical trials are required to determine efficacy.	C
Ringing in the ears (tinnitus) There is conflicting research regarding the use of ginkgo for tinnitus. Additional well-designed research is needed in order to resolve this controversy.	C
Sexual dysfunction Ginkgo has been used and studied for the treatment of sexual dysfunction in men and women. In general, studies are small and not well designed. Additional research is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Stroke Laboratory studies suggest that ginkgo may be helpful immediately following strokes because of possible antioxidant or blood vessel effects. However, initial study of ginkgo in people having strokes found a lack of benefit. Further research is needed in this area.	C
Vertigo A small amount of poorly designed research reports benefits of ginkgo for the treatment of vertigo. Additional study is needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Vitiligo Early study using oral Ginkgo biloba extract reports that ginkgo appears to arrest the progression of this disease. Better-designed studies are needed to confirm these results.	C
Cocaine dependence One small study reports no benefit of ginkgo for cocaine independence.	D
Mental performance (after eating) The results of one study investigating the effect of Ginkgo biloba on post-prandial mental alertness are unclear. Ginkgo may benefit some but not all endpoints. Further clinical trials are required before recommendations can be made.	D
Mood and cognition in post-menopausal women Based on early study of chronic administration, Gincosan® appears to have no beneficial effects on mood, anxiety, or sleepiness in post-menopausal women.	D

*Key to grades
A: Strong scientific evidence for this use;
B: Good scientific evidence for this use;
C: Unclear scientific evidence for this use;
D: Fair scientific evidence against this use;
F: Strong scientific evidence against this use.

Uses based on tradition or theory

The below uses are based on tradition or scientific theories. They often have not been thoroughly tested in humans, and safety and effectiveness have not always been proven. Some of these conditions are potentially serious, and should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare provider.

Acidosis, aging, alcoholism, allergies, angina, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-parasitic, anti-rheumatic, anti-tumor, anxiety, asthma, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autoimmune disorders, bladder disorders, blood vessel disorders, blood clots, body fat reducer (cellulite), brain damage, breast disease, breast tenderness, bronchial asthma, bronchitis, cancer, cataracts, chest pain, chilblains (inflammation of toes, fingers, ears, or face with exposure to cold), chronic rhinitis, cochleovestibular impairment (vascular vestibular disorders, vestibular organ peripheral lesion syndrome), colorectal cancer, congestive heart failure, cough, cyanosis, degenerative diseases (prevention), dermatitis, diabetes, diabetic nerve damage (neuropathy), digestion, dizziness, dysentery (bloody diarrhea), eczema, edema, encephalopathy (circulatory), fatigue, fibromyalgia, freckle-removing, genitourinary disorders, headache, heart attack, hepatitis B, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), immunomodulator, insomnia, labor induction, menstrual pain, migraine, mouth cancer, respiratory tract illnesses, scabies (ginkgo cream), schizophrenia, seizures, sepsis, skin sores (ginkgo cream), spermicide, swelling, traumatic brain injury, ulcer (trophic lesions), ulcerative colitis, vaginal dryness, varicose veins, vision (color).

Allergies

Allergy/hypersensitivity to Ginkgo biloba or members of the Ginkgoaceae family may occur. A severe reaction called Stevens-Johnson syndrome, which includes skin blistering and sloughing-off, has been reported with use of a combination product. There may be cross-sensitivity to ginkgo in people allergic to urusiols (mango rind, sumac, poison ivy, poison oak, cashews), and an allergic cross-reaction has been reported in a person allergic to poison ivy.

Side Effects and Warnings

Overall, ginkgo leaf extract (used in most commercial products) appears to be well tolerated in most healthy adults at recommended doses for up to six months. Minor symptoms including headache, nausea, and intestinal complaints have been reported.

Bleeding has been associated with the use of ginkgo taken by mouth, and caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders or taking drugs/herbs/supplements that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary. Ginkgo should be stopped prior to some surgical or dental procedures. Reports of bleeding range from nose bleeds to life-threatening bleeding in several case reports. In some of these reports, ginkgo has been used with other agents that may also cause bleeding.

Eating the seeds is potentially deadly, due to risk of tonic-clonic seizures and loss of consciousness.

Based on human study, ginkgo may theoretically affect insulin and blood sugar levels. Caution is advised in patients with diabetes or hypoglycemia, and in those taking drugs, herbs, or supplements that affect blood sugar. Serum glucose levels may need to be monitored by a healthcare professional, and medication adjustments may be necessary.

There have been uncommon reports of dizziness, stomach upset, diarrhea, vomiting, muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone, restlessness, racing heart, rash, and irritation around the mouth with the use of ginkgo. There is a case report of "coma" in an elderly Alzheimer's patient taking trazodone and ginkgo, although it is not clear that ginkgo was the cause. Based on laboratory and human research, ginkgo may decrease blood pressure, although there is one report of ginkgo possibly raising blood pressure in a person taking a thiazide diuretic ("water pill"). Based on theory, high concentrations of ginkgo may reduce male and female fertility. Contamination with the drug colchicine has been found in commercial preparations of Ginkgo biloba.

Ginkgo may affect the outcome of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Adverse effects on the eyes have also been reported.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Use of ginkgo is not recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding due to lack of reliable scientific study in this area. The risk of bleeding associated with ginkgo may be dangerous during pregnancy.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa Linn.) and Curcumin

2008-09-19T19:08:00.000-07:00

Background

The rhizome (root) of turmeric ( Curcuma longa Linn.) has long been used in traditional Asian medicine to treat gastrointestinal upset, arthritic pain, and "low energy." Laboratory and animal research has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-cancer properties of turmeric and its constituent curcumin. Preliminary human evidence, albeit poor quality, suggests possible efficacy in the management of dyspepsia (heartburn), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol), and scabies (when used on the skin).

Synonyms

Amomoum curcuma, anlatone (constituent), ar-tumerone, CUR, Curcuma , Curcuma aromatica , Curcuma aromatica salisbury, Curcuma domestica , Curcuma domestica valet, Curcuma longa , Curcuma longa Linn, Curcuma longa rhizoma, curcuma oil, curcumin, diferuloylmethane, E zhu, Gelbwurzel, gurkemeje, haldi, Haridra, Indian saffron, Indian yellow root, jiang huang, kunir, kunyit, Kurkumawurzelstock, kyoo, NT, number ten, Olena, radix zedoaria longa, rhizome de curcuma, safran des Indes, sesquiterpenoids, shati, tumeric, turmeric oil, turmeric root, tumerone (constituent), Ukon, yellowroot, zedoary, Zingiberaceae (family), zingiberene, Zitterwurzel.

Evidence

Uses based on scientific evidence	Grade^*
Blood clot prevention Early research suggests that turmeric may prevent the formation of blood clots. However, more research is needed before turmeric can be recommended for these conditions.	C
Cancer Several early animal and laboratory studies report anti-cancer (colon, skin, breast) properties of curcumin. Many mechanisms have been considered, including antioxidant activity, anti-angiogenesis (prevention of new blood vessel growth), and direct effects on cancer cells. Currently it remains unclear if turmeric or curcumin has a role in preventing or treating human cancers. There are several ongoing studies in this area.	C
Cognitive function Curcumin has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and to reduce beta-amyloid and plaque burden in lab studies. However, there is currently not enough evidence to suggest the use of curcumin for cognitive performance.	C
Dyspepsia (heartburn) Turmeric has been traditionally used to treat stomach problems (such as indigestion from a fatty meal). There is preliminary evidence that turmeric may offer some relief from these stomach problems. However, at high doses or with prolonged use, turmeric may actually irritate or upset the stomach. Reliable human research is necessary before a recommendation can be made.	C
Gallstone prevention/bile flow stimulant It has been said that there are fewer people with gallstones in India, which is sometimes credited to turmeric in the diet. Early studies report that curcumin, a chemical in turmeric, may decrease the occurrence of gallstones. However, reliable human studies are lacking in this area. The use of turmeric may be inadvisable in patients with active gallstones.	C
High cholesterol Early studies suggest that turmeric may lower levels of low-density lipoprotein ("bad cholesterol") and total cholesterol in the blood. Better human studies are needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
HIV/AIDS Several laboratory studies suggest that curcumin, a component of turmeric, may have activity against HIV. However, reliable human studies are lacking in this area.	C
Inflammation Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its constituent curcumin. Reliable human research is lacking.	C
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional disorder for which there are limited reliable medical treatments. One study investigated the effects of Curcuma xanthorriza on IBS and found that treatment did not show any therapeutic benefit over placebo. More studies are needed to verify these findings.	C
Liver protection In traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine, turmeric has been used to tone the liver. Early research suggests that turmeric may have a protective effect on the liver, but more research is needed before any recommendations can be made.	C
Oral leukoplakia Results from lab and animal studies suggest turmeric may have anticancer effects. Large, well-designed human studies are needed before a recommendation can be made.	C
Osteoarthritis Turmeric has been used historically to treat rheumatic conditions. Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its constituent curcumin, which may be beneficial in people with osteoarthritis. Reliable human research is lacking.	C
Peptic ulcer disease (stomach ulcer) Turmeric has been used historically to treat stomach and duodenal ulcers. However, at high doses or with prolonged use, turmeric may actually further irritate or upset the stomach. Currently, there is not enough human evidence to make a firm recommendation.	C
Rheumatoid arthritis Turmeric has been used historically to treat rheumatic conditions and based on animal research may reduce inflammation. Reliable human studies are necessary before a recommendation can be made in this area.	C
Scabies Historically, turmeric has been used on the skin to treat chronic skin ulcers and scabies. It has also been used in combination with the leaves of the herb Azadirachta indica ADR or "neem." More research is necessary before a firm recommendation can be made.	C
Uveitis (eye inflammation) Laboratory and animal studies show anti-inflammatory activity of turmeric and its constituent curcumin. A poorly designed human study suggests a possible benefit of curcumin in the treatment of uveitis. Reliable human research is necessary before a firm conclusion can be drawn.	C
Viral infection Evidence suggests that turmeric may help treat viral infections. However, there is not enough human evidence in this area. Well-designed trials are needed to determine if these claims are true.	C

Abdominal bloating, Alzheimer's disease, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial, antispasmodic, anti-venom, appetite stimulant, asthma, boils, breast milk stimulant, bruises, cataracts, chemoprotective, contraception, cough, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, diarrhea, dizziness, epilepsy, flavoring agent, gas, gonorrhea, heart damage from doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Doxil®), Helicobacter pylori infection, hepatitis, high blood pressure, histological dye, human papillomavirus (HPV), hypoglycemic agent (blood sugar lowering), infections (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), insect bites, insect repellent, jaundice, kidney disease, kidney stones, leprosy, liver damage from toxins/drugs, male fertility, menstrual pain, menstrual period problems/lack of menstrual period, multidrug resistance, neurodegenerative disorders, pain, parasites, ringworm, scarring, scleroderma, weight reduction.

Allergies

Allergic reactions to turmeric may occur, including contact dermatitis (an itchy rash) after skin or scalp exposure. People with allergies to plants in the Curcuma genus are more likely to have an allergic reaction to turmeric. Use cautiously in patients allergic to turmeric or any of its constituents (including curcumin), to yellow food colorings, or to plants in the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family.

Side Effects and Warnings

Turmeric may cause an upset stomach, especially in high doses or if given over a long period of time. Heartburn has been reported in patients being treated for stomach ulcers. Since turmeric is sometimes used for the treatment of heartburn or ulcers, caution may be necessary in some patients. Nausea and diarrhea have also been reported.

Based on laboratory and animal studies, turmeric may increase the risk of bleeding. Caution is advised in patients with bleeding disorders or taking drugs that may increase the risk of bleeding. Dosing adjustments may be necessary. Turmeric should be stopped prior to scheduled surgery.

Limited animal studies show that a component of turmeric, curcumin, may increase liver function tests. However, one human study reports that turmeric has no effect on these tests. Turmeric or curcumin may cause gallbladder squeezing (contraction) and may not be advised in patients with gallstones. In animal studies, hair loss (alopecia) and lowering of blood pressure have been reported. In theory, turmeric may weaken the immune system and should be used cautiously in patients with immune system deficiencies.

Turmeric should be used with caution in people with diabetes or hypoglycemia or people taking drugs or supplements that lower blood sugar.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Historically, turmeric has been considered safe when used as a spice in foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding. However, turmeric has been found to cause uterine stimulation and to stimulate menstrual flow and caution is therefore warranted during pregnancy. Animal studies have not found turmeric taken by mouth to cause abnormal fetal development.

Ginger - Zingiber officinale - The Usage and Features

2008-09-09T18:26:00.000-07:00

source: floridata.com

Description
The common cooking ginger is an herbaceous perennial with upright stems and narrow medium green leaves arranged in two ranks on each stem. The plant gets about 4 ft (1.2 m) tall with leaves about 3/4 in (1.9 cm) wide and 7 (17.8 cm) long. Ginger grows from an aromatic tuberlike rhizome (underground stem) which is warty and branched. The inflorescence grows on a separate stem from the foliage stem, and forms a dense spike, to 3 in (7.6 cm) tall. The bracts are green with translucent margins and the small flowers are yellow green with purple lips and cream colored blotches. Most gingers in cultivation are sterile cultivars grown for the edible rhizome, and the flower is rarely seen.

There is a cultivar of Zingiber officinale known as 'Sunti', which comes from Java and is similar to the common cooking ginger, but forms smaller rhizomes. It is used in the same way as common ginger but is said to have better medicinal qualities.

Location
The common cooking ginger originated in tropical Asia, but is now grown as a commercial crop for the ginger root in Latin America and Africa as well as South East Asia. Fifty percent of worldwide ginger production is in India. The best quality ginger comes from Jamaica.

Culture
Ginger is often grown in a container and brought indoors in winter when water and light are reduced and the plant is allowed to "rest." Common cooking gingers are rarely found in garden centers as potted plants because they do not have much ornamental value.
Light: Part sun
Moisture: Regular moisture in well-drained soil
Hardiness: USDA Zones 8 - 12.
Propagation: Common ginger grows from thick fleshy underground stems called "rhizomes." It is easy to grow the plant from pieces of ginger root from the grocery store as long as they are fresh and firm - not dried out. Make sure each piece of the rhizome has two or more growth nodes, like the "eyes" of a potato. Plant the rhizome pieces about an inch below the surface in a sandy loam or clay soil that has been improved with leaf mold or well-composted manure.

This is ginger root (actually a rhizome), the part of the plant that is eaten and from which the spice is obtained.

Usage
The common cooking ginger does not have much value as an ornamental plant. The blooms are rarely seen, and are not showy and conspicuous as they are in its close relative, shampoo ginger (Zingiber zerumbet).

Ginger root is widely used around the world as a spice or food additive. Ginger is fried and eaten plain, and used in curry pastes and other sauces in India; it is grilled and used to flavor fish and meats or for making ginger tea in Indonesia; it is boiled or fried in Chinese cookery; used to baste chicken or eaten as pickled ginger (beni shoga) and served with sushi in Japan; and used in Jamaica to make Jamaican jerk paste. A ginger extract with carbonated water makes the popular drink we call ginger ale. Ginger was used in the Middle Ages in Europe to flavor beer.

Features
Ginger has been used in Asia for thousands of years for relief from arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches and pains, catarrh, congestion, coughs, sinusitis, sore throats, diarrhea, colic, cramps, indigestion, loss of appetite, motion sickness, fever, flu, chills, and infectious disease.

The Lancet, a highly respected British medical journal, reported excellent results in scientific tests using ginger to treat nausea: "The powdered rhizome of Zingiber officinale has been found to be more effective than dimenhydrinate (DramamineÂ®) in reducing motion sickness in individuals highly susceptible to this malady (Mowrey and Clayson, The Lancet, 1982)." Other reports from medical research indicate that ginger is effective in reducing the effects of morning sickness in pregnant women.

The Latin name Zingiber is derived from the Sanskrit word, shringavera, which means "shaped like a deer's antlers." The word ginger evolved in English from the Latin zingiber as "gingifer" and "gingivere."

TRADITIONAL HERBAL MEDICINE (JAMU)

2008-09-07T23:54:00.000-07:00

(Source: joglgosemar.co.id)

'Back to nature' is not merely a slogan in Java and Indonesia. The visible proof is the use of traditional herbal medicine of various type of 'medical plants', either from the leaves, the fruits, the roots, the flowers or the barks, etc.

These herbal medicine had been used since the ancient time up to now, it is largely consumed by people of different level; lower, middle and upper, in the villages and in the big cities.

The study of jamu had been conducted by Rumphius, a botanist as early as the year 1775 AD by publishing a book 'Herbaria Amboinesis'. A scientific research for jamu by the research center of herbal medicine in Bogor Botanical Garden, resulting a publication of a book 'Medical Book for Children and Adults', composed by E. Van Bent.

The first seminar about jamu has been held in Solo in 1940, followed by a Formation of Indonesia's Jamu Committee in 1944. In the 1966, a seminar on jamu was held again. In 1981, a book by title of 'The use of Medical Plants' was established to support the jamu industry in the country.

The method of using the jamu remains the same as the ancestors did. Some are consumed by drinking it and some are for outside application.

At present one could buy easily ready made jamu packed modernly in the form of powder, pills, capsules, drinking liquid and ointments. Of course there are still jamu shops, which sell only ingredients or prepare the jamu on spot as required by buyers. Some women are roaming the street to sell jamu, is a common view across the country.

The traditional methods of making jamu such as by boiling the prepared herbal ingredients (jamu godok) still prevail in Javanese society. The popular traditional tools of making jamu are still available in many Javanese houses such as; Lumpang (small iron Mortar), pipisan, parut (grater), kuali (clay pot), etc.

What kind of disease could jamu cure?

The reply is almost every disease, jamu could cure. There are various kinds of jamu to combat different kind of illness. In Principle there are two types of jamu; the first is jamu to maintain physical fitness and health, the locally popular are Galian Singset (to keep women body fit and slim) and Sehat Lelaki (to keep men body healthy). The second is jamu to cure various kinds of illness. Except the above, there are special jamu created with the purpose to maintain a loving family harmony. The popular products among other are Sari Rapet, which makes a women sexual organ in a good condition, as for the man the matched product is jamu Kuat Lekaki (strong man). The Javanese are also taking a great care to pregnant women during pre and postnatal period by producing the related jamu. There are also jamu for the babies.

The Herbs for Jamu
There are hundreds of herbs for jamu prescriptions, among other are:

Spices
Ginger (Zingiber Officinale)
Lempuyang (Zingiber Oronaticum)
Temu Lawak/ Wild Ginger (Curcuma Cautkeridza)
Kunyit/ Tumeric (Curcuma Domestica)
Kencur/ Greater Galingale (Kaemferi Galanga)
Lengkuas/ Ginger Plant (Elpina Galanga)
Bengle (Zingiber Bevifalium)

Leaves
Secang (Caesalpinia Sappan Hinn)
Sambang Dara (Rexco Ecaria Bicolar Hassk)
Brotowali (Tiospora Rumpii Boerl)
Adas (Foeniculum Vulgare Mill)

Fruits
Jeruk Nipis/ Calamondin (Citrae Aurantifalia Sivingle)
Ceplukan (Physalic Angulata Him)
Nyamplung (Calophylum Inaphyllu)

Barks
Kayu Manis/ Cinamon (Gijeyzahyza Glabra)

Flowers
Melati/ Yasmin (Jataninum Sunbac Ait)
Rumput Alang-alang (Gramineae)

It is worth to note that some jamu factories in Java are exporting its products. Besides the export of ready made jamu, 25 kinds of herbal plants and ingredients are also in the list of export to Europe, Australia, USA, Japan, etc.

No Side Effects
The people like to consume jamu due to :

Availability in many places

Comparatively cheap price

No side effects